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Strategy Sector Description 1 wedge could come from… Cost Challenges
1. Efficiency – Transport
Increase automobile fuel efficiency
(2 billion cars projected in 2050)
… doubling the efficiency of all world’s cars from 30 to 60 mpg
$ Car size & power
2. Conservation – Transport
Reduce miles traveled by pas- senger and/or freight vehicles
… cutting miles traveled by all passenger vehicles in half
$ Increased public transport, urban
design
3. Efficiency – Buildings
Increase insulation, furnace
and lighting efficiency
… using best available technol- ogy in all new and existing
buildings $
House size, con- sumer demand for
appliances
4. Efficiency – Electricity
Increase efficiency of power generation
… raising plant efficiency from 40% to 60%
$ Increased plant
costs
5. CCS Electricity
90% of CO2 from fossil fuel power plants captured, then
stored underground (800 large coal plants or 1600
natural gas plants)
… injecting a volume of CO2 every year equal to the volume
of oil extracted $$
Possibility of CO2 leakage
6. CCS Hydrogen
Hydrogen fuel from fossil sources with CCS displaces
hydrocarbon fuels
… producing hydrogen at 10 times the current rate
$$$ New infrastructure needed, hydrogen
safety issues
7. CCS Synfuels Capture and store CO2 emitted
during synfuels production from coal
… using CCS at 180 large synfuels plants
$$ Emissions still only break even with
gasoline
8. Fuel Switching – Electricity
Replacing coal-burning electric plants with natural gas plants
(1400 1 GW coal plants)
… using an amount of natural gas equal to that used for all
purposes today
$
Natural gas availability
9. Nuclear Electricity
Displace coal-burning electric plants with nuclear plants
(Add double current capacity)
… ~3 times the effort France put into expanding nuclear
power in the 1980’s, sustained for 50 years
$$ Weapons prolifera- tion, nuclear waste,
local opposition
10. Wind Electricity
Wind displaces coal-based electricity
(10 x current capacity)
… using area equal to ~3% of U.S. land area for wind farms
$$ Not In My Back Yard
(NIMBY)
11. Solar Electricity
Solar PV displaces coal-based electricity
(100 x current capacity)
.. using the equivalent of a 100 x 200 km PV array
$$$ PV cell materials
12. Wind Hydrogen
Produce hydrogen with wind
electricity
… powering half the world’s cars predicted for 2050 with
hydrogen $$$
NIMBY, Hydrogen infrastructure, safety
13. Biofuels
Biomass fuels from plantations replace petroleum fuels
… scaling up world ethanol pro- duction by a factor of 12
$$ Biodiversity, compet-
ing land use
14. Forest Storage
Carbon stored in new forests
… halting deforestation in 50 years
$
Biodiversity, compet- ing land use
15. Soil Storage
Farming techniques increase carbon retention or storage in
soils
… practicing carbon manage- ment on all the world’s agricul-
tural soils
$
Reversed if land is deep-plowed later
= Electricity Production, =Heating and Direct Fuel Use, =Transportation, = Biostorage
Stabilization Wedges – 15 Ways to Cut Carbon
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