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THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1787
We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more
perfect Union,
establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for
the common defence, promote
the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to
ourselves and our Posterity,
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United
States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be
vested in a Congress of
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House
of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen
every second Year by the People of the several States, and
the electors in each State
shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the
most numerous branch of the
State legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have
attained to the Age of
twenty five Years, and been seven Years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall
not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he
shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among
the several States
which may be included within this Union, according to their
respective Numbers, which
shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free
Persons, including those
bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians
not taxed, three fifths of all
other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within
three Years after the first
Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent Term of ten
Years, in such Manner as they shall by law Direct. The number
of Representatives shall
not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State
shall have at least one
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the
State of New Hampshire
shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode
Island and Providence
Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight,
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina
five, South Carolina five, and
Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State,
the Executive
Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and
other Officers; and
shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed
of two Senators
from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
Years; and each Senator shall
have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of
the first Election,
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
Classes. The Seats of the
Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the
expiration of the second Year, of the
second Class at the expiration of the fourth Year, and of the
third Class at the expiration
of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every
second Year; and if vacancies
happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the
Legislature of any State,the Executive thereof may make temporary
Appointments until the next meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to
the Age of thirty Years,
and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who
shall not, when elected, be
an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of
the Senate, but shall
have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a
President pro tempore, in
the Absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise
the Office of President of
the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments.
When sitting for that
Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the
President of the United States
is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person
shall be convicted without the
Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend further
than to removal from
Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of
honor, Trust or Profit under
the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless
be liable and subject to
Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
for Senators and
Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the
Legislature thereof; but the
Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such
Regulations, except as to the
Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and
such Meeting shall
be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law
appoint a different Day.
Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
Returns and
Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each
shall constitute a Quorum to
do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to
day, and may be
authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in
such Manner, and under
such Penalties as each House may provide.
Each house may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish
its Members for
disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two-thirds,
expel a Member.
Each house shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from
time to time publish
the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment
require Secrecy; and the
Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question
shall, at the Desire of
one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without
the Consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
Place than that in which the
two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
Compensation for
their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the
Treasury of the United
States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and
Breach of the Peace, be
privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session
of their respective Houses,
and in going to and returning from the same; and for any
Speech or Debate in either
House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which
he was elected, be
appointed to any civil Office under the authority of the
United States, which shall havebeen created, or the Emoluments
whereof shall have been increased during such time;
and no Person holding any Office under the United States,
shall be a Member of either
House during his Continuance in Office.
Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in
the House of
Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with
Amendments as on other
Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President
of the United States; If he
approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with
his Objections to that House in
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the
Objections at large on their Journal,
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration
two thirds of that house shall
agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the
Objections, to the other House,
by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved
by two thirds of that House, it
shall become a law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both
Houses shall be determined
by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and
against the Bill shall
be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any
Bill shall not be returned
by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it
shall have been presented
to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had
signed it, unless the
Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which
case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of
the Senate and
House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of Adjournment)
shall be presented to the President of the United States; and
before the Same shall take
Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by
him, shall be repassed by two
thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according
to the Rules and
Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect
Taxes, Duties,
Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the
common Defence and
general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts
and Excises shall be
uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the
several States, and
with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform
Laws on the subject of
Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign
Coin, and fix the
Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
Securities and current Coin of
the United States;
To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by
securing for limited Times
to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their
respective Writings and
Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the
high Seas, and
Offenses against the Law of Nations;To declare War, grant
Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning
Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to
that Use shall be for
a longer term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land
and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws
of the Union, suppress
Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the
Militia, and for governing
such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the
United States, reserving to
the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and
the Authority of training the
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever,
over such District (not
exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular
States, and the
Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of
the United States, and
to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the
Consent of the Legislature of
the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of
Forts, Magazines, Arsenals,
Dockyards, and other needful Buildings;—And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for
carrying into Execution
the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this
Constitution in the
Government of the United States, or in any Department or
Officer thereof.
Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as
any of the States now
existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited
by the Congress prior to the
Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty
may be imposed on such
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be
suspended, unless when in
Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require
it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be
passed.
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